EEG
The
electroencephalogram (EEG) makes a scalp recording of electrical
activity, or brain waves, emitted by nerve cells from the cortex
of the brain. The EEG has different "bands", defined by
the frequency of the waves; delta (slow) waves are less than 4 Hz;
the theta bands are 4-8 Hz, the alpha from 8 to 12 Hz, the beta
from about 14-30 Hz and the gamma from 30-80 Hz. The alpha bands
are best seen in the parieto-occipital area, and the beta bands
are usually more prominent in the frontal and central regions. These
bands, when simultaneously recorded, differ from each other and
reflect different cognitive processes. The alpha rhythm is best
seen when the subject is awake and relaxed, with eyes closed (Emerson,
1995), and beta waves during the REM stage of sleep (see later in
the section on EEG studies and sleep). Brain electrical activity
is also characterized by the amplitude or power of the oscillations.
An increase is called synchronization whereas a decrease in amplitude
is called desynchronization. Event related desynchronization/ synchronization
(ERD/ERS) stands for a technique in which the power of a specific
EEG frequency band is expressed as the relative change in power
between two experimental conditions. It is a within-subject measure
of relative changes in power between two experimental conditions
and is expressed as a percentage (Krause et al., 2004).
Cook and colleagues (2006) comment that EEG and similar methods
can be more easily applied to volunteers than brain imaging methods,
since there is no ionizing radiation and no strong magnetic fields.
However, interference can arise from applied ELF and RF fields.
They state: "The EEG electrodes and leads can act as antennas
that can a) inject current into the subject's scalp and b) induce
potentials on the EEG leads which have significantly greater amplitude
than the brain signals being measured. Hence reliable measurements
during exposure are almost impossible".
Another
method is the magnetoencephalogram (MEG), which offers better spatial
resolution than the EEG, but disadvantages are that the brain magnetic
filed activity is very weak and the MEG is extremely sensitive to
external noise.
Some EEG studies
have been done while the subjects are awake and resting (Table
1). Reiser (1995) reported a change in EEG tracings on exposure
to 900 MHz radiation, but others have stated that similar changes
can be seen when the level of awareness is altered. Roschke and
Mann (1996) found no changes in healthy male volunteers exposed
to 900 MHz, and Hietanen and colleagues (2000) found no effects
on EEGs from exposure to different cell phones, using both 900
and 1800 MHz. Huber (2002) found changes in the alpha range during
pulse-modulated exposure, but not with continuous wave exposure.
Regel (2007) had similar findings, 30 minutes after pulse-modulated
exposure, but not with continuous exposure. Croft (2002) found
that EMF exposure decreased 1-4 Hz activity in right hemisphere
sites, and was associated with increasing 8-12 Hz activity as a
function of exposure duration in the midline posterior sites. Cook
(2004) suggested that 30% of the variation in alpha activity seen
in their study were due to the pulsed magnetic field exposure.
Kramareko (2003) used a telemetric EEG, and found that within 20-40
seconds of exposure to a 900 MHz phone signal subjects showed slow-wave
activity in the contralateral frontal and temporal areas. They
lasted for one second and repeated every 15-20 seconds. When the
signal was stopped the slow waves progressively disappeared in
the next 10 minutes. Hinrikus (2004) found changes in alpha rhythm
in some subjects, but there were no statistically significant changes
in the exposed state when compared with sham exposure. The same authors (Hinrikus 2007) found an increase in alpha and
beta power when subjects were exposed to 450 MHz RFR .
| Authors |
Subjects |
Exposure |
Experiment |
Effects
of EMF |
Reiser
Dimpfel, Schobel, '95
(Linden, Germany) |
36
volunteers, 18 men.
Also sham. Single blindn |
902
MHz, pulse modulated at 217 Hz |
EEG
recorded for 1 hr.
EMF exposure during second 15 minute period |
Increase
in EEG power in alpha2, beta1, and beta2 during and
after exposure.
Significant only in beta1. |
Roschke,
Mann, '97
(Mainz, Germany) |
27
healthy males.
Also sham.
Randomized
Single blind |
900
MHz
Power density 0.05mW/cm², at 40 cm from top of head |
EEG
at 9am - 12.
For 10 minute on two occasions, separated by 30 minutes |
No
differences in spectral power densities in EEGs |
Hietanen,
Kovala, et al '00
(Helsinki, Finland) |
19
healthy volunteers, 9 women.
Also sham. Randomized |
5
types of phone used: Three 900MHz NMT; one 900MHz digital
GSM; one 1800 MHz digital PCN.
Each for 20 minutes, 1 cm from head.
Peak power 1-2 W. SAR ~ 0.8W/kg |
EEG
while awake |
Of
180 statistical tests, only one significant difference
in absolute, but not in relative, power |
| Huber
et al. '02 |
16
healthy males. |
900
MHz, pulse-modulated (pm) or continuous wave (cw), for
30 minutes at 22.30 hrs.
Also sham. Double-blind. |
EEG
at 23.00 hrs. Recorded for 8 hrs. |
Power
increased in the alpha range in awake state.
Seen in pm exposure, but not in cw |
| Croft,
Chandler, et al. '02 |
24
subjects (16 male) |
900
MHz phone in listening mode. Estimated average power
3-4 mW. Single-blind. Also performed an auditory discrimination
task. |
EEG
performed at rest and then during an auditory task.
Sham exposure used. |
Decreased
1-4 Hz activity in right hemisphere. Also increased
8-12 Hz activity as a function of exposure duration
in midline posterior sites. |
| Curcio et al. '05 |
20 subjects (10 male) |
900 MHz, pulse-modulated (SAR~0.5W/kg),
for 45 minutes. Double-blind. Also sham - randomized. |
EEG at rest. In one group of 10 recording
after exposure. In other group during last 5 minutes
of exposure. |
Spectral power greater at 9 and 10 Hz
in alpha range. Effect greater when EMF on during the
EEG recording . |
| Regel
et al., '07 |
24
healthy males |
900
MHz pm or cw , for 30 minutes over left hemisphere.
Double-blind, randomized, crossover design, with
sham. |
EEG
at 0, 30, and 60 minutes after exposure. |
Enhanced
alpha power at 10-11 Hz and at 12 Hz, 30 minutes
after pm exposure. |
Hinrikus '07 |
13 subjects
(4 male) |
450 MHz pulse-modulated at 7, 14,
and 21 Hz. Double-blind and randomized, with sham.
Two sets of recording for both exposure and sham. |
EEG at rest. Two five-cycle (1 min
off and 1 min on) series. |
Increase in alpha and beta power
in first 30 sec of exposure period at modulation
frequencies 14 and 21 Hz. |
|
Table
1 EEGs on exposure to radiofrequencies while awake
The normal EEG pattern varies in the two stages of sleep. Beta
waves are wmore prominent in the rapid eye movement stage (REM)
that is considered to be associated with information processing.
The non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stage is associated with delta
and theta waves. The two stages last about 90 minutes and are repeated
approximately five times per night.
Some studies have examined the effect of RF radiation on sleeping
subjects (Table 2). Wagner (1998, 2000) could not replicate
their earlier finding (1996) of a REM suppressive effect and
EEG alterations in healthy male volunteers, exposed to a 900
MHz EM field. Borbely (1999) found a slight reduction in the
duration of waking, after sleep onset had occurred. The same
group also reported that exposure to EMF for 30 minutes before
sleep altered EEG patterns during subsequent sleep (Huber,
2000). However, they found no difference in sleep onset latency
or sleep stages, or in waking after sleep onset. They found
similar results in a 2002 study, although on this occasion
the changes were seen only with a pulse-modulated signal.
Lebedeva et al. (2001) found an increase in the alpha-range
power density and in the relation of sleep changes, but they
give few details of the EMF exposure used in their experiment. Loughran
(2005) found a decrease in REM sleep latency. This publication
also reported an increase in spectral power in the alpha range,
during the initial part of sleep following exposure. Other
groups also reported this finding, as is indicated in Table
2. However, Hung (2007) tested their study subjects with exposure
to a cell phone in "talk", "listen", "standby",
and "sham" modes, and found that after "talk" mode,
there was a significant delay in sleep latency compared with "listen" and "sham" modes.
In "talk" mode there is a higher SAR rating and
both 8 and 217 Hz components.
| Authors |
Subjects |
Exposure |
Experiment |
Effects
of EMF |
Mann,
Roschke '96
(Mainz, Germany) |
12
healthy males.
Also sham one night.
Randomized
Double blind. |
900
MHz from 11pm to 7am,.
Phone at head of bed, 40 cm from top of head
Power density 0.05mW/cm² |
EEG
during sleep for 3 nights (first an adaptation night,
then either exposure or sham) |
Sleep
onset latency reduced
Decrease in duration and percentage of REM sleepIncrease
in mean power density during REM sleep in all bands,
especially alpha |
Wagner,
Roschke, Mann, et al '98
Mainz |
24
healthy males
Controls as above |
900
MHz from 11pm to 7am. Circular antenna 40 cms below
pillow of bed
Power density 0.2W/m²SAR 0.3W/kg at top of head, 0.6
at back of neck |
As
above |
No
significant changes |
Wagner,
Roschke, Mann, et al '00
Mainz |
20
healthy males
Controls as above |
As
above except power density 50 W/m².
Limiting value SAR of 2W/kg not reached |
As
above |
No
significant changes |
Borbely,
Huber, Graf, et al '99
(Zurich) |
24
healthy males
Also sham.
Randomized
Double blind |
900
MHz (pulsed at 217 Hz) from 11pm to 7am, on and off
at 15 minute intervals
3 antennae 30 cms. from top of headPeak SAR 1W/kg |
EEG
during sleep for 2 nights in two sessions 1 week apart
(first night an adaptation night each week) |
No
difference in sleep onset latency or sleep stages
Reduced duration of waking after sleep onset - only
in those sham exposed in first week
Spectral power increased in first non-REM sleep in the
10-11 Hz and 13.5-14 Hz bands |
Huber,
Cote, et al. '00
Zurich |
16
healthy males
Sleep limited to 4 hrs night before experiment |
Pulsed
900 MHz for 30 mins. prior to sleep, scheduled at 9.45
or 10.15 am.
Antenna 11cms from either right or left side of head.
Peak SAR 1W/kg |
EEG
during sleep for 3 hrs |
No
difference in sleep onset latency or sleep stages, or
in waking after sleep onsetEnhanced power density in
9.75-11.25Hz and 12.25-13.25 Hz bands in the first 30
mins. of non-REM sleep. Both hemispheres affected. |
| Loughran
et al., 2005 |
50
subjects, 27 male. Double blind, crossover deign |
Pulsed
894.6 MHz for 30 minute prior to sleep. |
EEG
overnight |
Decrease
in REM sleep latency. Increase in power in alpha range
in the first 30 minutes of the first non-REM period.
|
| Fritzer et al., 2007 |
10 subjects, 10 controls; young adult
males, RandomizedBlind |
Pulsed 900 MHz, throughout night, for
6 nights. Control subjects not exposed |
Baseline night, and then 2nd and 6th
nights of exposure - EEG, EOG, and EMG |
No significant effects on sleep parameters |
| Hung et al., 2007 |
10 young males.
Randomized to different
modes; double-blind.
|
Pulsed 900 MHz for 30 minutes at 13.30
h, after sleep restriction the previous night. Cell
phone exposure in "Talk", "listen", "standby",
or "sham" mode |
EEG during exposure and for 90 minutes
after. |
Significant delay in sleep latency after "talk
mode, compared wit "listen" and "sham" modes. |
|
Table 2 EEGs on exposure to radiofrequencies during sleep
Table 3 summarizes the studies that have been done while subjects
performed various tasks. Freude, Eulitz and colleagues (1998
a,b, 2000) reported some modulation of the EEG during performance
of some of the tasks, but their results were inconsistent.
Krause (2000) reported EEG changes in healthy volunteers exposed
to an EM field of 902 MHz during performance of an auditory
task, and, in a second paper, obtained similar results in subjects
performing a visual memory task. However, they were not able
to replicate the results in a later study (Krause, 2004). These
authors in a partial replication study, found some subtle,
but inconsistent effects in the alpha range (Krause, 2007).
Jech (2001) found EEG changes in response to visual tasks.
Papageorgiou (2004) found that baseline EEG energy was greater
in males, while exposure to EMF decreased EEG energy of males
and increased that of females. Additionally, in a small pilot
study, Hamblin (2004) found some evidence of neural activity
as a result of cell phone exposure during an auditory task.
They measured event-related potentials (ERPs) and found a decrease
in the amplitude and latency of a sensory component (N100)
and a decrease in the latency of a later more cognitive component
(P300) during active exposure. However, the same authors, in
a much larger and better-designed study, found no evidence
that acute cell phone exposure during auditory and visual tasks
affected brain activity (Hamblin 2006). . Papageorgiou (2006)
also examined ERPs in response to an auditory stimulus. They
found an increase in the amplitude of the P50 component evoked
by low frequency stimuli, and a decrease evoked by high frequency
stimuli. However, their study used a small number of subjects
and appears to have been single-blind. In another
study, Hinrichs (2004) found that exposure to a GSM field did not
affect memory retrieval tasks, though event-related magnetic fields,
measured by a magnetoencephalogram, were affected. Krause (2006)
studied the effect of EMFs from a mobile phone on EEG tracings
in 15 children performing an auditory memory task. The authors
found that the mobile phone signal affected the responses in the
4-8 Hz frequencies. Maby (2006) reported that when subjects were
exposed to EMFs from a GSM mobile phone while receiving an auditory
stimulus, there was an amplitude increase of the P 200 wave in
the frontal area. Epileptic patients showed a lengthening of the
N 100 component in the contralateral frontal area.
| Authors |
Subjects |
Exposure |
Experiment |
Effects
of EMF |
Freude,
Ullsperger, Eggert, Ruppe '98
(Berlin, Germany) |
16
healthy males
Also sham.
Single blind |
916
MHz in contact with left earSpatial peak SAR 1.42 mW/G
in 1g and 0.882 mW/g in 10 g |
EEG
during 2 tasks - finger-tapping; visual monitoring |
Task
1 - no effect on EEGTask 2 - decrease in slow wave potentials
at right central and temporo-parietal regions |
Eulitz,
Ullsperger, Freude, Ruppe '98
(Berlin) |
13
healthy males.
Controls as above |
As
above |
EEG
during auditory discrimination task |
Decrease
in spectral power in bands 18.75-31.25 Hz during tasks.
Effects mainly in left hemisphere |
Freude,
et al as above '00
Berlin |
Healthy
males.
Controls as above |
As
above |
EEGs
during 2 experiments, 6 months apart#1 - visual monitoring
task (VMT)#2 same task plus 2 others - finger-tapping
, and two-stimulus task |
No
difference in performance of tasks
Slow wave potentials decreased during VMT at central,
parietal-temporal-occipital positions, mainly in right
hemisphere; confirmed in experiment 2.No significant
effect in other 2 tasks |
Krause,
Sillanmaki, Koivisto et al '00
(Helsinki, Finland) |
16
healthy volunteers, 8 women.
Also sham.
Single blind |
902
MHz, pulsed at 217 Hz.
Antenna 20 cms from right posterior temporal region.
Mean power 0.25 W. |
EEG
during auditory memory task |
No
difference in # of errors during taskIncrease in power
in 8-10 Hz band at rest
Modification of EEG responses during the task in all
4 frequency bands |
Krause,
et al, as above '00
Helsinki |
24
healthy volunteers, 12 women
Controls as above |
As
above |
EEG
during visual memory task |
No
difference in # of errors or in reaction times
EEG responses altered in 6-8 and 8-10 Hz bands during
task, especially in left hemisphere |
Jech,
Sonka, et al '01
(Prague, Czech) |
17
subjects, narcolepsy.
Also sham
Double blind |
900
MHz, pulsed at 217 Hz.
Phone at right ear. SAR 0.06 W/kg |
EEG
during visual task |
EEG
changes mainly in right hemisphere when target stimulus
was in right hemifield of the test screen. Response
reaction time was reduced by 20 ms. |
| Krause
et al '04 |
24
healthy subjects. Double blind |
902
MHz, pulsed. Phone at left ear. SAR 0.648 W/kg |
EEG
during auditory memory task (as above) |
EMF
increased errors. Decreased magnitude of ERS responses
in the 4-6 Hz frequency. Also in the 6-8 Hz band, but
only in left hemisphere. |
| Papageorgiou
'04 |
19
subjects, 9 men |
900
MHz |
EEG
during memory task |
Baseline
EEG energy greater in males. RF exposure decreased EEG
energy in males, increased it in females |
Papageorgiou
'06 |
19
subjects. Single blind |
900
MHz. |
EEG
during auditory task |
Increase
in amplitude of ERPs (P50) with low frequency stimuli,
and decrease with high frequency |
Hamblin
‘06 |
120
subjects. Double blind |
900
MHz. SAR 0.11 W/kg |
EEG
during auditory and visual tasks |
No
difference from sham exposure in N100 and P300 components
of ERPs |
| Krause
'06
|
15
children, aged 10-14 yrs |
902
MHz |
EEG
during memory task |
RFR
exposure modulated the EEG responses during memory
encoding in the 4-8 Hz frequency , and in the 4-8
and 15 Hz frequency during recognition |
Maby
‘06 |
9
healthy subjects, 6 epileptic patients |
900/1800
MHz |
EEG
while auditory stimulus received |
Longer
N100 component in contralateral frontal area in the
epileptic patients. Amplitude increase in the P200 wave
in frontal area of healthy subjects. |
| Krause '07 |
36 subjects in each experiment. Double-blind |
902 MHz, continuous wave (CW) and pulse
modified (PM). Each hemisphere exposed separately. |
EEG during auditory and visual memory
tasks |
"Modest",
but inconsistent, effects on oscillatory responses
in the 8-12 Hz range, This even happened in sham
exposure - differences between the 2 hemispheres. |
|
Table 3. EEGs on exposure to radiofrequencies during task performance
Yuasa (2006) reported that 30 minutes of cell phone
use had no effect on the human sensory cortex, measured by somatosensory
evoked potentials from the hand sensory area of the right hemisphere
after left median nerve stimulation. The same group (Inomata-Terada
2007) measured motor evoked potentials in the human cortex , brain
stem, and spinal nerve elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation,
before and after 30 minutes exposure to RFR from a cell phone.
No effect was seen from the RFR exposure.
Two
other studies examined the effect of a therapy, Low Energy Emission
Therapy, on EEGs and sleep patterns. This therapy employs frequencies
in the radiofrequency range but they are much lower than those
in the cell phone frequency range. The therapy, which is used
to treat sleep disturbances, involves the emission of 27.12 MHz,
amplitude-modulated at 42.7 Hz by means of an electrically conducting
mouthpiece in direct contact with the lining of the mouth. The
estimated peak SAR on the lining of the mouth is <10 W/kg and
in brain tissue the SAR was calculated as being between 0.1 and
100 mW/kg. These latter measurements are within the limits outlined
in Safety Code 6.
D'Andrea, Chou, Johnston, and Adair (2003) reviewed the research
done on EEGs in humans exposed to RFR and stated that "…no
conclusions can be drawn from the present EEG-EMG research".
They point out that most studies have not been replicated, suffer
from poor dosimetry, have inadequate measurement of SAR distribution
in the head, and have limited details about exposure.
Cook, Saucier, Thomas, and Prato (2006), in a review of papers published
between 2001 and 2005, state:
"...the evidence suggests that brief exposures can induce measurable
changes in human brain electrical activity, particularly in the
alpha frequency range (8-13 Hz) over posterior regions of the scalp.
This observation was also noted by Hamblin and Wood (2002) in their
review on mobile phone effects on EEG and sleep variables. Interestingly,
this effect was also noted in several ELF studies as well (Cooket
al., 2004,2005; Ghione et al., 2005), suggesting that this observation
may be a non-specific response to intermittent stimulation of pulsed
fields, as continuously presented ELF fields (Lyskov et al., 1993;
Crasson and Legros, 2005) do not tend to elicit the same effect".
Authors
Borbely AA, Huber R, Graf T, Fuchs B, et al.
Title
Pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field affects human sleep
and sleep encephalogram.
Journal
Neuroscience Letters 1999; 275: 207 - 210.
Go to summary >
Authors
Croft R, Chandler JS, Burgess AP, Barry RJ, et al.et al.
Title
Acute mobile phone operation affects neural function in humans
Journal
Clinical Neurophysiology 2002;113:1623
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Authors
Curcio G, Ferrara M, Moroni F, D'Inzeo G, et al.
Title
Is the brain influenced by a phone call? An EEG study of resting wakefulness.
Journal
Neurosci Res 2005;53:265-270.
Go to summry >
Authors
Eulitz C, Ullsperger P, Freude G, Elbert T.
Title
Mobile phones modulate response patterns of human brain activity.
Journal
NeuroReport 1998;9:3229 - 3232.
Go to summary>
Authors
Freude G, Ullsperger P, Eggert S, Ruppe I.
Title
Effects of microwaves emitted by cellular phones on human slow brain
potentials.
Journal
Bioelectromagnetics 1998;19:384 - 7.
Go to summary>
Authors
Freude G, Ullsperger P, Eggert S, Ruppe I.
Titles
Microwaves emitted by cellular telephones affect human slow brain
potentials.
Journals
European Journal of Applied Physiology 2000; 81:18 - 27
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Authors
Fritzer G, Goder R, Friege L, Wachter J et al.
Title
Effects of short- and long-term pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic
fields on night sleep and cognitive functions in healthy subjects.
Journal
Biolectromagnetics 2007;28:316-325.
Go to summary >
Authors
Hamblin D, Wood AW, Croft RJ, Stough C
Title
Examining the effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by GSM phones
on human event-related potentials and performance during an auditory
task
Journal
Clinical Neurophysiology 2004;115:171-178.
Go to summary >
Authors
Hamblin D, Croft RJ, Wood AW, Stough C, et al.
Title
The sensitivity of human event-related potentials and reaction time
to mobile phone emitted electromagnetic fields.
Journal
Bioelectromagnetics 2006;27:265-273.
Go to summary >
Authors
Hietanen M, Kovala T, Hamalainen A-M.
Title
Human brain activity during exposure to radiofrequency fields emitted
by cellular phones
Journal
Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health 2000;26:87-92
Go to summary>
Authors
Hinrichs H, Heinze H-J.
Title
Effects of GSM electromagnetic field on the MEG during an encoding-retrieval
task.
Journal
Neuroreport 2004;15:1191-1194.
Go to summary>
Authors
Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Tomson R, et al.
Title
Effect of 7, 14, and 21 Hz modulated 450 MHz microwave radiation
on human electroencephalographic rhythms.
Journal
Int J Radiat Biol 2007;84:69-79.
Go to summary>
Authors
Huber R, Graf T, Cote KA, Wittman L, et al.
Title
Exposure to pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field during waking
affects human sleep EEG.
Journal
NeuroReport 2000;11:3321-3325.
Go to summary>
Authors
Huber R, Treyer V, Borbely AA, Schuderer J, et al.
Title
Electromagnetic fields, such as those from mobile phones, alter
regional cerebral blood flow and sleep and waking EEG.
Journal
J Sleep Res 2002;11:289-235.
Go to summary>
Authors
Hung CS, Anderson C, Horne JA, McEvoy P.
Title
Mobile phone "talk-mode" signal delays EEG-determined sleep
onset.
Journal
Neurosci Lett 2007;421:82-6.
Go to summary>
Authors
Inomata-Terada S, Okabe S, Arai N, Hanajima R,et al.
Title
Effects of high frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by
mobile phones on the human motor cortex.
Journal
Bioelectromagnetics 2007;28:553-561.
Go to summary>
Authors
Jech R, Sonka K, Ruzicka E, Nebuzelsky, et al.
Title
Electromagnetic field of mobile phone affects visual event related
potential in patients with narcolepsy.
Journal
Bioelectromagnetics 2001;22:519-528.
Go to summary>
Authors
Kramarenko AV, Tan U :
Title
Effects of high-frequency electromagnetic fields on human EEG: a
brain-mapping study.
Journal
Int J Neurosci 2003;113:1007-1019.
Go to summary>
Authors
Krause CM, Sillanmäki L, Koivisto M, Häggqvist A, et al.
Title
Effects of electromagnetic field emitted by cellular phones on the
EEG during a memory task.
Journal
NeuroReport 2000;11:761-764
Go to summary>
Authors
Krause CM, Sillanmaki L, Koivisto M, Haggquist A, et al.
Title
Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by cellular phones on
the electroencephalogram during a visual working memory task.
Journal
International Journal of Radiation Biology 2000;76:1659-1667.
Go to summary>
Authors
Krause CM, Haarala C, Sillanmaki L, Koivisto M, et al.
Title
Effects of electromagnetic field emitted by cellular phones on the
EEG during an auditory memory task: A double blind replication study.
Journal
Bioelectromagnetics 2004:25:33-40.
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Authors
Krause CM, Bjornberg CH, Pesonen M, Hulten A, et al.
Title
Mobile phone effects on children’s event-related oscillatory
EEG during an auditory memory task.
Journal
Int J Radiat Biol 2006;82:443-450.
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Authors
Krause C, Pesonen M, Bjornberg C, Hamalainen H.
Effects of pulsed and continuous wave 902 MHz mobile phone exposure
on brain oscillatory activity during cognitive processing.
Journal
Bioelectromagnetics 2007;28:296-308.
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Authors
Loughran SP, Wood AW, Barton JM, Croft RJ, et al.
Title
The effect of electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones.
Journal
Neuroreport 2005;16:1973-1976.
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Authors
Maby E, Le Bouquin Jeannes R, Faucon G.
Title
Scalp localization of human auditory cortical activity modified
by GSM electromagnetic fields.
Journal
Int J Radiat Biol 2006;82:465-472.
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Authors
Mann K, Röschke J.
Title
Effects of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields on human
sleep.
Journal
Neuropsychobiology, 1996;33:41-47.
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Authors
Papageorgiou CC, Nanou ED, Tsiafakis VG, Capsalis CN, et al.
Title
Gender related differences on the EEG during a simulated mobile
phone signal.
Journal
Neuroreport 2004;15:2557-2560.
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Authors
Papageorgiou CC, Nanou ED, Tsiafakis VG, Kapareliotis E, et al.
Title
Acute mobile phone effects on pre-attentive operation.
Journal
Neuroscience Letters 2006;397:99-103.
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Authors
Pasche B, Erman M, Hayduk R, Mitler MM, et al.
Title
Effects of low energy emission therapy in chronic psychophysiological
insomnia.
Journal
Sleep 1996;19:327-336
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Authors
Regel S, Gottselig, J, Schuderr, J, Tinguely, G, et al.
Title
Pulsed radio frequency radiation affects cognitive performance
and the waking electroencephalogram.
Journal
Neuroreport 2007;18:803-807.
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Authors
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Human sleep under the influence of pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic
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Human sleep EEG under the influence of pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic
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